Diamond is a solid form of the element carbon with its atoms arranged in a crystal structure called diamond cubic. It is the hardest naturally occurring substance known; it is also the most popular gemstone. The hardness, brilliance, and sparkle of diamonds make them unsurpassed as gems.

Diamonds were formed billions of years ago through a combination of tremendous pressure and temperatures of 1652-2372 degrees Fahrenheit at depths between 90 and 120 miles beneath Earth's surface. Diamond crystals are brought closer to the Earth's surface through volcanic activity.

Diamonds are formed deep within the Earth’s mantle, at depths between 100 to 150 kilometers (about 62 to 93 miles) below the surface. Under intense heat and pressure, carbon atoms bond in a crystal lattice structure, creating one of the hardest known substances on Earth. This process can take millions to billions of years, and volcanic activity brings diamonds closer to the Earth’s surface, where they can be mined.

Diamonds are often referred to as a symbol of love, luxury, and timeless beauty. These precious gems have captivated humanity for centuries, serving as symbols of wealth, status, and sentiment. Whether used in engagement rings, fine jewelry, or for industrial purposes, diamonds hold a special place in the world of gemstones. In this article, we’ll explore the formation, qualities, uses, and trends surrounding diamonds, as well as important factors to consider when buying them.

Diamonds have long been prized for their beauty, durability, and symbolic value. Whether you’re buying a diamond for an engagement ring, as a personal investment, or simply as a piece of luxury jewelry, understanding the Four Cs, knowing the difference between lab-grown and natural diamonds, and ensuring ethical sourcing are key to making an informed purchase. With the right knowledge, a diamond can be a cherished piece that lasts a lifetime.

1. Cut

The cut of a diamond refers to how well it has been shaped and faceted by a jeweler. It greatly influences the diamond’s brilliance and sparkle. A well-cut diamond will reflect light in a way that maximizes its brightness, whereas a poorly cut diamond will appear dull.

• Ideal Cut: The most sought-after cut for maximum brilliance.
• Good Cut: Reflects a decent amount of light, but may not have the ideal proportions.
• Fair Cut: Reflects less light and may appear less brilliant.

Popular diamond cuts include round, princess, emerald, cushion, pear, oval, and marquise.

2. Color

Diamonds are graded based on their color, or more specifically, the lack of color. The Gemological Institute of America (GIA) assigns color grades from D (completely colorless) to Z (noticeable yellow or brown tint). Colorless diamonds are the most valuable, as they reflect more light and appear brighter.

• D-F: Colorless (rare and highly prized).
• G-J: Near colorless (offer excellent value).
• K-M: Slight tint noticeable (less expensive).

Fancy-colored diamonds, like blue, pink, and yellow, are highly sought after and graded differently, typically being more valuable due to their rarity.

3. Clarity

Clarity measures the presence of internal or external imperfections, known as inclusions and blemishes. Most diamonds have some form of imperfection, but the fewer and less visible they are, the higher the diamond’s clarity grade.

• Flawless (FL): No inclusions or blemishes visible under 10x magnification.
• Internally Flawless (IF): No inclusions, only minor blemishes visible under 10x magnification.
• Very Slightly Included (VS1 and VS2): Minor inclusions that are difficult to detect under 10x magnification.
• Slightly Included (SI1 and SI2): Inclusions that are noticeable under 10x magnification but not to the naked eye.
• Included (I1, I2, I3): Inclusions visible to the naked eye, affecting brilliance.

4. Carat Weight

Carat refers to the weight of the diamond. One carat equals 200 milligrams. While larger diamonds are rarer and more expensive, carat weight alone doesn’t determine a diamond’s value—cut, color, and clarity are equally important.

• 1 Carat: A classic size for engagement rings, though diamonds can be found in much smaller and larger sizes.
• Multiple Carats: Larger diamonds, especially those over 2 carats, tend to command significantly higher prices

In recent years, lab-grown diamonds have emerged as an eco-friendly and cost-effective alternative to natural diamonds. These diamonds are created in controlled laboratory environments using high-pressure, high-temperature (HPHT) or chemical vapor deposition (CVD) processes. Lab-grown diamonds are physically, chemically, and optically identical to natural diamonds but typically cost 20-40% less.

• Advantages of Lab-Grown Diamonds:

  • More affordable.
  • Environmentally sustainable (no mining involved).
  • Conflict-free (guaranteed not to fund unethical mining practices).

• Advantages of Natural Diamonds:

  • Long-standing value and rarity.
  • Emotional appeal tied to their natural formation over billions of years.
  • Traditionally considered more prestigious.

GIA Certification: Known for its strict standards and thorough grading process. A GIA certificate gives buyers confidence in their diamond’s quality and authenticity.

• AGS Certification: Similar to GIA, but also focuses on a diamond’s light performance, offering an additional layer of evaluation.

• Look for Conflict-Free Labels: Reputable jewelers will provide guarantees that their diamonds comply with the Kimberley Process, ensuring they are sourced from ethical mines.
• Beyond the Kimberley Process: Some consumers seek diamonds that go beyond conflict-free standards, opting for Fair Trade diamonds or diamonds from companies that prioritize environmental sustainability and fair labor practices.

Throughout history, certain diamonds have gained fame due to their size, beauty, or historical significance. Here are a few of the most notable:

• The Hope Diamond: A stunning 45.52-carat blue diamond, famous for its rare color and rumored to be cursed. It is currently housed in the Smithsonian Museum in Washington, D.C.
• The Cullinan Diamond: The largest gem-quality rough diamond ever found, weighing an astonishing 3,106 carats. It was cut into multiple stones, with the two largest incorporated into the British Crown Jewels.
• The Koh-i-Noor: One of the oldest and most famous diamonds in the world, this 105.6-carat diamond has a rich history and is part of the British Crown Jewels.

As fashion and technology evolve, so do diamond trends. Some popular trends include:

• Fancy-Colored Diamonds: Yellow, pink, and blue diamonds have become increasingly popular, adding a unique and vibrant flair to traditional diamond jewelry.
• Halo Settings: This design features a central diamond surrounded by a "halo" of smaller diamonds, maximizing sparkle and making the center stone appear larger.
• Sustainable and Ethical Diamonds: As consumers become more environmentally conscious, lab-grown diamonds and conflict-free diamonds are in high demand.
• Vintage and Antique Styles: Many people are choosing vintage or vintage-inspired diamond jewelry for its timeless charm and craftsmanship.

Diamonds are incredibly durable but still require proper care to maintain their brilliance. Here are a few tips to ensure your diamonds stay in top condition:

• Clean Regularly: Use a soft brush and a solution of mild soap and warm water to clean your diamonds. Gently scrub away any dirt or oil that may have accumulated.
• Avoid Harsh Chemicals: Keep diamonds away from chemicals like bleach or chlorine, which can damage the metal setting or dull the stone’s brilliance.
• Get Inspected: Have your diamond jewelry inspected by a jeweler annually to ensure the stone is secure in its setting and that no damage has occurred.